Biological Profile Module

The Biological Profile Module in Skeleton-ID facilitates the detailed analysis of an individual’s sex, age, height, and populational affinity. This module enables experts to estimate the biological profile by analyzing data and images.

Biological Profile Applications

The estimation of the biological profile has diverse applications in human identification, including:

For Living Individuals: Age Estimation assessing the age of undocumented migrant minors to provide appropriate protection. Also useful in sports context, to determine the age of young athletes and ensure proper classification in age categories.  Human Rights Investigations: Estimating the age of victims of sexual exploitation and forced labor to provide legal protection.

For Deceased Individuals: Identification crucial for identifying victims of enforced disappearances, catastrophes, armed conflicts, migrations and any large-scale tragedies. All biological profile information may be of use for comparison with missing persons reports. Routine Police Cases, applied in standard investigative procedures.

Experts choose the appropriate method based on the specific bone and the individual’s age range (adult/subadult).

supports multiple methods of biological profile estimation and provides a wide array of tools to streamline the expert’s work.

Estimation by Classical
Methods

This section enables experts to input data obtained from various biological profile estimation methods. The software then displays the estimation range for age, sex, or height, facilitating quick and efficient estimations. It also enables the expert to manually input their final decision on each parameter taking into consideration the different methods applied.

Pubic symphysis age estimation method

Brooks, S., Suchey, S. (1990). Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods, Hum. Evol., vol. 5, pp. 227–238.

Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis

Iscan M.Y., Loth S.R., Wright R.K. (1984), Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white males, Journal of forensic sciences 29 (4) 1094–1104.


Iscan M.Y., Loth S.R., Wright R.K (1985). Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white females. Journal of forensic sciences, 30(3), 853-863.

Observations on teeth roots in the estimation of age

Lamendin, H., Baccino, E., Humbert, F. J., Tavernier, J. C., Nossintchouk, R. M., Zerilli, A. (1973). A simple technique for age estimation in adult corpses: the two criteria dental method’, J. Forensic Sci., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1373–1379.

Mendoça Functions for the height estimation

Mendonça, M.C. (1998). Contribución para la identificación humana a partir del estudio de las estructuras óseas: Determinación de la talla a través de la longitud de los huesos largos, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid.

Discriminant Functions of Murail for the sex estimation

Murail, P., Brůžek, J., Houët, F., & Cunha, E. (2005). DSP: a tool for probabilistic sex diagnosis using worldwide variability in hip-bone measurements. Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. BMSAP, 17(17 (3-4)), 167-176.

For more information on these methods, you can consult our quick guides, which also provide access to the original articles referenced.

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Estimation by
AI-based methods

Skeleton-ID also allows the estimation of sex and age through images. These tool, which is currently available free of charge, integrate the use of AI applied to medical imaging and allow the expert to make a faster and more objective decision.

Sex estimation using the humerus

This tool based on deep learning-based method allows experts to estimate the sex of an individual from a photograph of the posterior view of the distal epiphysis of the humerus. 

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More biological profile estimation tools using imaging and morphological methods developed with AI coming soon!